TLDR: The Coming Age of Aliteracy

For many years, a good deal of digital ink has been spilled about the end of reading. Lately, however, I found compelling the statistics in Rose Horowitch's "The End of Reading is Here," at The Atlantic. I wish it were not behind a paywall. We all need to read it, even if we cannot focus long enough to finish it.

What I began noticing, incrementally, after the turn of the century is coming true: students (and adults) cannot abide focusing long enough to read anything. In 2001, I taught nine challenging texts in the university's Core class. In Spring of 2025, my most recent literature course, I taught four novel-length works. That was challenging enough, and still I caught students using AI to summarize a short story they couldn't finish, and getting an F for introducing AI hallucination into work submitted for a grade.

But the problem is hardly confined to young people, some of whom will claim that audio books serve as an adequate replacement. As Horowitch's sources note, those do not engage our brains neurologically in the same manner as printed books. Societally, we are losing the ability to retain facts in our heads, unpack difficult syntax, find connections between ideas when we farm those tasks out to machines.

So each year since the iPhone hit the scene in 2007, I've grown more and more certain that Sven Birkert's predictions in The Gutenberg Elegies have come true.

I've peers in their 60s who stopped reading. When they try now, they cannot finish the book. The addictive allure of screens is too great (an irony as I write this on a screen). A few of us who read (or write for) Hemmings Motor News have noted how the stories at the Web site grow shorter and shorter. When a long piece appears, such as the ones I write for them, at least one commenter will thank the author and editors for daring to take a "deep dive" into a topic.

How will this end? I probably will live to see a post-literate society as the norm, a world where serious reading of difficult material becomes a niche skill. Bookstores now doing well may need to stock shorter work to bring in new readers. College English Departments, as well as any teaching from books have not been in great shape for a while. They will morph or go out of business. 

All my life, I have had an eerie feeling of getting through a doorway to have it slam shut behind me. Now I feel the breeze on the back of my neck as Gutenberg's era ends. I fear a Dark Age; don't forget that in late-Roman times, students began reading synopses of classic Greek works instead of tackling the original. Then and now, long, challenging work provides depth that no synopsis or web site can. 

We have so much darkness in our own nation already from being led by an unread, unteachable man. What will come next?

And while YA lit and graphic novels, still thankfully popular, can convey great truths, what happens when they no longer serve as a stepping stone to Edith Wharton, Kazuo Ishiguro, or Toni Morrison? There's a straight line from the bombastic Marvel Comics of my pre-teens to the terrifying state advocated by Socrates in Plato's Republic, which I'm finally reading now in a lovely edition. Socrates, who mistrusted writing, would not have approved. I should have memorized the dialogue!

I plan to treasure the book and its lessons, even if no one I know can discuss it with me. So I went to ChatGPT. I have not touched an AI model since Fall 2025, when I last taught my adult-ed class "Writing With and About AI."

Me: Hello after a while. I've a specific question. Do you think that Socrates really hoped that the Greeks of his time would build a society like that in Plato's Republic? Keep your reply under 200 words. 

Chat: Good to see you again.

Probably not—at least not in a straightforward political sense. Socrates, as Plato presents him, insists that the Republic is an inquiry into justice in the soul as much as in the city. The ideal polis functions as a magnified image of the just individual.

That said, Socrates does not dismiss political reform. He famously says that cities will have no respite until philosophers rule or rulers genuinely become philosophers. This sounds like a genuine, if remote, aspiration. Yet the proposal is framed as so demanding that many readers think Plato intended it as a regulative ideal rather than a practical blueprint for fourth-century Greece.

My view is that Socrates hoped less for Athens to become the Republic than for his interlocutors to rethink what political excellence requires. The ideal city exposes the defects of existing regimes and educates philosophical judgment. Whether anyone could actually found such a city is almost beside the point.

We get here an answer that sounds less canned than those of models a year ago. I like that "my view" moment, too. There's a hook at the end, too. We could (and I may) go on about why making an ideal city-state is "beside the point."

AIs may hallucinate, but at least they did have the Plato fed to them. They'd out-debate any of my students in a Socratic dialogue.

Image Source: Gutenberg Bible, Wikipedia 

 

Your New Car is Watching You: Two Weeks in a Rolling Computer

A while back at my Tractorpunk blog, I wrote about why we should choose, if we can, to buy an older vehicle and learn to make our own repairs. I'm more convinced of this now than ever.

We had two lovely weeks in Canada recently, touring Nova Scotia, taking hikes with Anna Hergert, who runs the walking firm Tide Rollers and Mudlarkers. Anna was available off-season for some extended quality time with us. It's our second vacation hiking with her.

When we were not exploring the ocean floor of the Bay of Fundy, we were driving a rented Hyundai Tucson we picked up at the airport in Bangor, Maine. The small SUV was spacious, tastefully minimalist but comfortably appointed inside (I cannot abide busy-looking interiors). The glass dash looked very impressive. But that is where the problems began. 

As we drove along one day, a little chime sounded. An icon of a steaming cup of coffee (or maybe King Cole tea...we were in Canada) appeared on the center screen that had been clocking me in kilometers per hour. It said "Consider taking a break."

Was I driving poorly? We were on back roads, as is our wont. They are curvy and sometimes potholed. We had to move over the center line sometimes, when we could on the relatively empty roads. Yet every 45 minutes or so, I'd get that annoying message. This is part of the what the firm calls a "Driver Attention Warning System." 

Once I had it light up just after leaving a Tim Horton's where, rest assured, I had taken a cappuccino-and-donut break. I never figured out how to turn off this feature, though I did bring the owner's manual into our B&B and read it carefully.

We got the lane-departure buzzer to stop, as well as an auto-steering feature that was more scary than helpful. We never could banish the "take a break" annoyance. After much searching, we reset our speedometer to metric units, but the dizzying array on of-screen choices in the SUV meant we never found out how to turn off the coffee-cup warning. I began to talk back to the car. "Perhaps Hyundai should take a long walk off a short pier" was one bit of advice I can type here. At the very first, I'd liked the new Tucson enough to consider it as a replacement for our 2006 Honda CRV, if it ever (God forbid) bites the dust.

No longer. I will have no car that scolds me. I will also have no car that makes mistakes of the sort the Hyundai made. 

The vehicle has multiple sensors for reading the road, including speed-limit signs. Sadly, the sensors did not know how to translate these properly on the dash. For a brief period we went on the Trans-Canada Highway (speed limit 110 kph) the dash told us we could go 180! It was reading the metric signs as mph and translating them into kilometers. We had a chuckle. Then I thought about the clueless drivers I see in the US daily. I'm certain some would have put the pedal down and then explain to a Mountie "but the car said I could go 180!"

I fear where this trend might go. New vehicles are already watching us. A piece from the BBC noted how carmakers collect data from us constantly in new vehicles. It can be sold to your insurance company without your permission in the United States. When you buy a new car, be sure you know how to disable this. That said, the window for saying "no" may close. The BBC notes that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), in a February 2026 report, calls for biometric technology in all new vehicles to monitor eye and head movement for signs of distracted driving. You can read the text of the report here. I do not support this at all for adults, unless they are guilty of a DUI and subject to monitoring when behind the wheel. 

The rest of us should have the right to disable such devices. Besides, the very glass dashboard of the Tucson was designed as to distract drivers. We had to pull over to adjust the AC or heat, as the fan control was tiny and required a touch. My Honda has three large dials, like this. I can find them in the dark without looking down.

On an economic note, cars are now so wired with sensors for lane-departure, automatic braking, and other features that I fear they won't last as long as my old Honda. The HVAC controller? Under $100 to buy. The infotainment console in my wife's 2017 Mini S convertible? $10000. It works great, but we are selling that car soon. My wife's "new" 2008 Volvo XC70 AWD wagon has none of that business in the dash.

The Honda's predecessor, a 2004 model, died in 2020, when a kid rear-ended me. I'd had that 2004 CRV for 14 years. I went right out and bought a 2006, mainly because it had side airbags. I do a lot of the work myself. No advice provided by the car. No screen of any sort. Keeper.

Back to our monitored future. Want to turn this business off in a Hyundai? A simple Web search will tell you how. Or maybe if you have young, easily distracted drivers in your family, you want it on.

Your call. But do one thing: tell those who make cars and laws that you do not want them spying on you. 

 

 

 

The Next War: Robots and Orbital Chaos?

I greatly enjoy studying military history. It's less pleasant looking at ongoing conflicts, because they represent failures of diplomacy, arrogance, greed, hatred, or a combination of these factors.

Yet I do learn something of use by studying past conflicts. Despite ballistic missiles, drones, and interceptors with Iran we are fighting a version of World War 2. The battle is over oil, the commodity that led the Tojo regime to attack the US, Great Britain, and Japan's key goal, oil-rich Dutch East Indies. The US had embargoed Japan over its aggression in China, which meant they needed a new source of crude. 

What the US public does not seem to grasp today is how information, not oil, may be the commodity that makes or breaks our ability to fight, were we to stumble into a war with China or another near-peer adversary. The chances of either or us making a direct attack the other seems remote, but I'm guessing that in early 1914, few Europeans would have foreseen a global conflict erupting by year's end.

Next time, a war may mean more at home than higher prices at the gas pump. We do produce a lot of our own oil, unlike Imperial Japan. That's no great comfort in 2026. For a long time, I've looked to two works from earlier this century, Richard Clarke's and Robert K. Knake's Cyber War and P.W. Singer's 2009 Wired for War. The latter, with its depiction of massive swarms of autonomous drones, plus denial of GPS and other space-based infrastructure, now has me checking anew with Singer's other work. It can keep you up nights, thinking about how helpless many folks would be if their phone-based maps and other apps began to malfunction. Just the other day, the credit-card system at our local gas station was down. It became a cash-only business. I handed over a 20, because I always carry cash (thanks, Dad, for that lesson); other customers left, not having any cash at all on them. And if all the ATMs were down...well.

In a war, such a situation might not end in an hour. Gizmodo ran an interview with several experts on the topic, including Singer, that I recommend heavily. You may be too tired of reading about the current war to consider a future conflict; if you do, it's wise to do so early in the morning with a favorite coffee or tea cup in hand, not at night.

While there is little an ordinary citizen can do directly to cope with the loss of GPS or access to space because of  Kessler Syndrome event in orbit, it's best to at least know why such things could happen that would profoundly change our lives. Many of my students, when asked, could not point to me which direction was west, unless the sun was setting. I told them that it might be wise to learn how to navigate locally with a map, not an app, and to have some cash--a month's worth of expenses would be ideal--locked away. Don't wait until an emergency comes and the ATMs stop working or run dry.

I'm no Doomsday Prepper, but I like to have a month's worth of difficulties in mind. I read about and marvel at the sacrifices out predecessors made during World War 2, such as foregoing new tires (and cars), rationing gas and other strategic commodities. We might be asked to do the same one day.  Would we? Every hurricane, snow alert, or rare event such as the COVID pandemic leads the stores here to be sacked, as if the Visigoths had arrived.

Even if merchants could stave off hoarders, restocking shelves might prove difficult as so much of our supply chain relies on smart technologies and just-in-time delivery to manage inventories. An Amazon distribution center would likely find itself paralyzed. Attacks to our communications and Internet might not simply come from hackers or anti-satellite tech but also the destruction of fiber-optic cables and other terrestrial infrastructure that result in few direct human casualties. We have not even hardened our electrical grid to prevent a Carrington Event from damaging them, something that would only (!) cost 10 to 30 billion dollars.  I don't think that our short-sighted capitalist system, which worries about the next quarter more than the next quarter-century, can imagine spending the needed money to protect the grid from warfare. That's a government problem, I could imagine a corporate board reasoning.

History again has a lesson for us about failure to anticipate new forms of warfare. Japan lost its war against the Allies for many reasons, such as its inability to match the industry and technological might of the US, but by 1945 they were also out of petroleum beyond what they had stockpiled in the home islands. The US Army Air Corps' and Royal Navy's little-known campaign to bomb oil fields and refineries in what is now Indonesia drastically cut Japan's supply of aviation and other fuels. US subs hunted down tankers trying to bring oil home. The situation became so grave by the time of the final large naval battles in the Philippines, Japanese warships fill up on crude, not refined oil; the refineries in the former Dutch East Indies had too devastated by that point to refine enough bunker fuel.

Part of Japan's failure was not merely its dependence on distant oilfields but its inability to predict, or counter, US-led submarine warfare and strategic bombing. The Japanese, unlike their German allies, thought of subs as hunters of warships. They never used their considerable fleet of advanced subs, armed with the best torpedoes of the Second World War, as the US did. Japan never developed enough advanced aircraft capable of tackling B-29 Superfortresses that set fire to the home islands major cities long before the A-Bombs where dropped.

Iran may well teach us a few lessons yet for countering drones and asymmetrical warfare. But will be learn how to apply such lessons against a larger, better armed nation when we may not gain air superiority over their homeland, while being struck at home where our infrastructure is not hardened, or in space?

I fear that we'll all find out in the next few decades. 

Image: Spacewar! computer game, Wikipedia 

A Good Counterpoint for Orbital Data Centers

I got an F in Thermodynamics, shortly before I flunked out of UVA's Aerospace Engineering program.

So I leave matters such as cooling satellites to experts, and recently I came across a concern about data centers in space: can they scale to the size we need for AI? Forget issues of space debris and power. The Reverse Salient, in Hughes terms, appears to be cooling.  

The article here discusses, in somewhat technical terms that should still be understood by the non-engineer, the reasons that what engineers call "radiational cooling" in space may not work for the amount of heat generated by orbital data centers. Perverse thought, no? Space is either hideously hot in the sun or deadly cold in the shade. But the problem involves moving heat away from the object in question. There's no breeze in vacuum; any water would boil off or freeze solid. Read the article for more technical details.

This year we will find out if orbital data centers can scale. I hope so. We simply do not have the energy resources or land for the types of AI economy the billionaires envision. The Carbon pollution alone might seal our fate.

NVIDIA, many other US firms, and the Chinese space program, are testing the concept now or will be this year. I wish them luck. We need to get this right.

I'm increasingly of the belief that we'd be better off had AI not been invented, a thought I also have about smart phones and social media, but like those technologies AI is not going to be wished away. 

Image source: Daily Galaxy, Creative Commons image